ELM. 301 
not corky. Flowers appear in April, in dense clusters, with 
slender drooping pedicels. Fruit ripe in May, smooth except 
the edges, which are hairy, with incurved sharp points at the 
apex. <A large common tree, sometimes 120 feet high and six 
feet or more in diameter. This tree varies greatly in habit; 
some specimens may be quite upright in growth while others 
are very pendulous. One having the drooping habit, that was 
found in Illinois, is now offered by nurserymen. 
Distribution —From Newfoundland and along the northern 
shores of Lake Superior to the eastern base of Rocky Moun- 
tuins, south to Florida and Texas and west in the United States 
to the Black Hills of Dakota and western Kansas. In Minne- 
sota common throughout the state. 
Propagation.—Described under genus Ulmus. The seeds can 
often be swept up on roadways and pavements in large quan- 
tities. 
Propertics of wood.—Very tough in young trees, light and 
moderately strong in old, difficult to split and rather coarse 
grained; color light brown, with lighter colored sapwood. 
Specific gravity 0.6506; weight of a cubic foot 40.55 pounds. 
Uses.—The White Elm has always been the favorite shade 
and ornamental tree in the Northern States, and is the best 
street and park tree for general planting in this section. It 
is also one of the hardiest trees for prairie planting, and will 
perhaps withstand as great extremes of temperature and moist- 
ure as any of our shade trees. It is a rapid and often strag- 
gling grower, and should have a little attention in the way of 
pruning when young to keep it in its best form. The wood 
is largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, 
for hubs of wagon wheels, for saddletrees, for flooring, in coop- 
erage, for flour and meal barrels, cheese boxes, etc. The bark 
was used by the Indians when they could not procure birch 
bark in making their canoes and houses. In some parts of 
this country the tough inner bark was formerly twisted into 
ropes. 
Ulmus racemosa. Cork Elm. Rock Elm. 
Leaves ovate-oblong or obovate, taper-pointed, smooth 
above, pubescent beneath, resembling those of the White Elm, 
but less sharply serrate. Twigs and bud scales pubescent; 
