20 Cattle Problems. 



Storing milk in tlie udder — making tliat organ a reser- 

 voir to retain a twelve-hour accumulation twice a day — 

 though incidental, is in fact a practical necessity, without 

 which dairying, or even the use or sale of milk, on an 

 extended scale, would not be practicable, as milking at 

 intervals of one or two hours, or as frequently as calves 

 empty udders by suckling, would involve too much labor 

 and cost to admit of profit from the sale of milk, or dairy 

 products. It is clear, then, that infrequent milking, and 

 stanking or storing a twelve-hour yield in the udder at each 

 time of its recurrence, is practically the basis of commer- 

 cial dairying. 



Though there is no increase of the actvial daily yield — 

 increase of milk depending upon increase of food digested, 

 not upon accumulation of the product in the udder from 

 stanking ; nevertheless this practice has led to the very 

 large increase in the size of the udder in dairy cows wher- 

 ever it prevails, the enlargement of the bag being greatest 

 and most conspicuous where improved dairying, and par- 

 ticularly cheese-factory dairying, is most extensively prac- 

 ticed. As a consequence of profit, greater care and more 

 food has led to larger yield, and further increase of profit ; 

 and this serial process has been so widely and frequently 

 repeated, that the small natural udder of two or three pints 

 on])' has been gradually and successively enlarged by the 

 expansive pressure of an increased quantity of milk in the 

 glands, so that the small udders of multitudes of dairy cows 

 have, by increase of milk yield, and its expansive force, 

 been enlarged from the small sizes, i and 2, to the large 

 sizes, 4 and 5, as shown in Plate II., and in the section at 

 the left. 



This increase in udder size is of course mechanical and 

 artificial, being due to the expansive force extending from 

 the central part towards the inner surface of the bag, which 

 being formed of elastic muscles, gives way, and spreads ou^ 



