Gruenon Examined. 29 



being nearly equal in both sides of the udder. The extent 

 of the milk weight strain, of yield itself, is nearly equal in 

 each side of the udder. Yet here, on the left side of the 

 bag and Twist is seen clear evidence of greater strain on 

 the left side than on the right-hand side, as shown in 

 Guenon's cuts, and in Plate V., Figs. 4, 10, 11, and 12 

 of this work; and the evident fact is, that the extra size and 

 hight of the Yield Mark on the left side, is due to the 

 extra strain which that side is subject to, twice a day, du- 

 ring the entire milking seasons of each year, from the ex- 

 tra force and pulling applied to the kft side of the udder 

 during, and by the process of hand milking. The extra 

 strain on the left side, in drawing the udder towards the 

 milker, is too evident to be denied,* so clear that it cannot 

 be doubted. See Fig. 1 2, Plate V. of this work. Yet this 

 mere difference in the form of its sides, from a cause that 

 does not increase yield, is made the sole basis of Guenon's 

 new second class of cows, and is the distinguishing feature 

 of the sixth class in his system, or the eighth in his new 

 classification. 



The reader will not fail to distinguish the practical valu j 

 of the Yield Mark as an always evident, naturally formed 

 index of yield, from such illusory system building as that 

 we have just explained or exposed. 



We may now consider other marks to which Guenon al- 

 ludes. In class I the ovals on the udder directly above 

 the teats are simply the result of rudimentary teat growth,* 

 which locks the skin to the glands, so preventing the draw- 

 ing down of the root ends of the hair, thus certainly pre- 

 venting its reversal ; and the same is true of all the ovals 

 directly above the teats in the other udder classes, and re- 

 quires no further explanation. 



In class 2, page 60, Guenon, the twist is very nar- 



* See chapter on Yariationa in Form, etc. 



