32 OattlelFroblems. 



results from strong and well-balanced breeding power, and 

 the diversion of the blood that supplied the udder to the 

 placenta, or to the reserve of blood in the general circu- 

 lation, in anticij^ation of the embryo demand, as shown by 

 this shrinkage of yield occurring very soon after a new 

 impregnation, or when breeding again commences. 



The ovals of down-growing hair, sometimes, but very 

 rarely, formed near the centre of the twist, may result 

 either from the skin growing to the flesh, or from the in- 

 ner and outer layers of the skin growing close together, 

 either of which conditions prevents the root ends of the 

 hair being drawn down, so preventing the reversal of the 

 outside hair growth. These marks have no influence on 

 yield, nor any signification in regard to it. 



The patches of reversed hair on the buttock and hock 

 bones, result from the great and much repeated tension on 

 the root ends of the hair over these projecting bones, while 

 cows or other cattle are lying down, the relation of these 

 reversed patches of hair being to strain, but not to yield, 

 in any way. Dandruff on parts of the udder that are but 

 little exposed to rubbing, is the dead-cell matter that is 

 constantly being discharged in all parts of the skin surface, 

 and is pushed out. into the hair by later discharges of sim- 

 ilar dead-cell matter. The less any part of the skin is 

 rubbed (or brushed, or combed) the greater the quantity 

 of this dead -cell matter retained in the hair. The 

 more actively the functions of the skin are performed, the 

 greater the quantity of such dead-cell matter that is dis- 

 charged from its surface. 



The pale color of the udder results from the lesser pro- 

 portion of its red blood circulation, in part ; and partly 

 from much of the udder or bag not being exposed to the 

 tanning influence of the sun. The skin of the udder, in 

 cows of large yield, is usually thin, the blood-vessels being 

 small and thinly distributed, from the expansion of the 



