46 Cattle Problems. 



part extending through the skin layers, and the outside 

 growth or part of the hair, both growing in the same ob- 

 lique direction; the root ends bending downward, and the 

 outer ends or hair upward, as shown in the hind-quarter 

 diagram, figure 5. This fact was established by four 

 special dissections of pieces of skin, procured at different 

 times and places, from the reversed hair figures, or Yield 

 Mark, with that special object in view *. The reversed hair 

 was found to grow obliquely downward through its entire 

 length into the cellular tissue, as shown in figure 5 . 



Fig. 3 is a section of the skin, in which it will be ob- 

 served] that the hair grows directly through it, and at 

 about a right angle with the direction of the skin layers,f 

 the outer growth of hair being most of it turned down- 

 ward, in the coat of the cow, which results from the in- 

 fluence of air pressure, dews, weakness in the hair, etc. 

 This shows the natural direction of so much of the hair as 

 grows directly through the skin ; that its direction is at 

 nearly aright angle to the surface; and that the roots of the 

 hair extend completely through all the skin layers into the 

 cellular substance beneath the inner layer of the integument. 

 Such is the direction of the hair, and position of its root 

 ends, as it usually grows on the thighs, when the outside 

 hair is not reversed or turned upward. In the same plate, 

 Fig. 5, the layers of the skin of the back-udder are shown 

 farther apart than is natural, which is to indicate the sev- 

 eral layers distinctly. It appears, also, that the hair over 

 the twist is not at first fully reversed ; the process of its 

 reversal being a gradual change from the natural direction, 

 figure 3, to the fully reversed direction, in figure 6. 



* Sulphuric Acid inncll diliili'd with water, \vas employed, \vli!ch in ahont 

 thri't'daysdissuhed 1,ho siiltslaiiec iif the nliiii away from tlie hairrools, clearly 

 ('xhil)iliiifj: tlu' direction of tlie hair rootgrowlh. 



■IThere are diverse opinions il:< to whether llio sliin is formed of two or three 

 layers. 'JMie illustrntion resorleil lo when this diseover\ was made, in IHIll, 

 may be seen in Johnson's Chemistry of Com. Life, W\\. U., Pa,!,'e aVJ. and in 

 otlier worlcs. 



