Tenderness in Cattle. 91 



and such thick coats, as amply demonstrated in the Kyloe 

 and Galloway cattle of Scotland, for ages, as well as thick 

 skins, are developed during activity and exposure in cool 

 or cold weather, as shown in multitudes of Western and 

 Scotch cattle, whose exercise is constant and full. And it 

 is clearly evident that heat can be developed in the body 

 and distributed in the circvdation by activity and active 

 breatliing by cattle, by which tenderness may be prevented, 

 and ability to bear exposure developed, as fully and by 

 like activity and breathing in cattle, as in colts and work- 

 horses. 



It is known that blood is supplied, and that nutrition in 

 the tissues, beyond a mere minimum extent, is rapid or 

 slow, according to activity or motion ; and that heat, also, 

 is developed according to activity in local parts, and in 

 the body generally; both facts having been experimentally 

 established in very many instances. And the wide demon- 

 stration of the invigorating influence of exercise in devel- 

 oping substance, in skin and muscle, in multitudes of 

 Western cattle, as well as in their general growth, suggests 

 that the cause of tenderness is deficient activity ; the evi- 

 dent remedy being special exercise when required, as in 

 the case of horses, when voluntary activity — of which the 

 best colts get the most — is insufScient. It is evident that 

 activity is insufficient when the muscular proportion is re- 

 duced below that found in generally active and healthy 

 cattle of any of the various sizes or breeds. It is best, 

 however, to have sufficient blood and liberated heat in the 

 skin ; with correspondingly less danger of being chilled in 

 any case, or in any kind of cattle, when exposed to severe 

 cold, rain, or wind. 



Cattle that are tender are usually languid in their mo- 

 tions, and generally are thin in their skin or hides. They 

 are, many of them, also, light or slender in their muscular 



