Tenderness in Cattle. 93 



sponds, therefore, with the quantity of blood in the general 

 circulation. 



2d. The extent of the general circulation is according 

 to the fullness of general muscular growth, and to the size 

 and activity of the breathing and digestive organs, includ- 

 ing the skin, which is, also, muscular in quality. The 

 nutrition and thickness of the skin usually maintains a 

 like proportion to the substance of other muscular parts 

 and organs. 



3d. The thickness and substance of the skin, in cattle, 

 corresponds, therefore, to the size of the muscles and mus- 

 cular organs generally. 



4th. Full general muscularity in other organs and parts 

 leads to, and includes, corresponding thickness and sub- 

 stance in the skin; as the entire muscular growth, of which 

 the skin is a very important part, is normally according to 

 the extent and vigor of the blood circulation, which — with 

 an ample supply of food — is according to the extent of 

 out-door exercise. So, with an ample supply of food, 

 regular exercise in cool air develops thickness and sub- 

 stance in the skin, and this organ becomes as well supplied 

 with blood, and with heat liberated in its substance, as the 

 other muscular organs or parts. 



The proportional development of muscular growth just 

 referred to has long been strikingly illustrated in the Kyloe 

 and Galloway cattle of Scotland, and in Devon and Hereford 

 cattle. And of late years, the influence of prolonged daily 

 activity in developing full proportion in the substance of 

 the skin, as well as in other parts, is strongly and exten- 

 sively shown in many Short-horn grades, and in millions 

 of common cattle on the herd ranges of western Iowa, and 

 in Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado, where these multi- 

 tudes of cattle, and the thousands of horses with them, are 

 exposed to fierce winds, sudden changes, and cold temper- 

 atures, without any noticeable tenderness or susceptibility 



