Results of Grosses. 113 



Parity of breed, so-called, of course, supplies particular 

 inbred characteristics to progeny ; but it is certain that 

 vigor and muscularity have resulted from exercise, as 

 necessarily in cattle as in horses. And it is equally cer- 

 tain that cattle of large size can be maintained or increased" 

 in fertility and vigor by exercise, as is done in the smaller 

 breeds ; and fertility is now being in this way increased in 

 many young Short-horn bulls in the West. 



By crossing with such animals as can supply an increased 

 muscular flesh-basis, both increased breeding power and 

 augmented food value are obtained. But by crossing so 

 as to diminish the muscular proportion, opposite and in- 

 ferior results in the progeny are produced. A full muscu- 

 lar basis of flesh is necessary in any cross, grade or breed, 

 to supply the full circulation and vigor that insure fertility 

 and constitution, with vitality and power of endurance. 



It has been intimated by others that when the grades of 

 a breed are superior to the pure-bred, or full-blooded ani- 

 mals, used in a cross, improvement cannot be expected 

 from employing such full-blood animals, within the limits 

 of the bi'eed, which is equivalent to saying that when an 

 improvement has been made in the grade, — and not be- 

 ing derived from the inbred or full blood, — it must have 

 been derived from the common cattle, or whatever cattle 

 were crossed upon. This shows that the improvement in 

 grades, as compared with full-blooded sires, or dams, 

 comes from the more muscular side, or animal employed in 

 a cross. We believe this was said in reference to Jersey 

 crosses, and have shown the natural basis from which 

 grades derive qualities that are superior to those of pure 

 bred or inbred cattle, in several important particulars. 

 Such results go to show that the real sources of improve- [ 

 ment have not been fully understood, or if understood— , 

 by such men as Colling and Bates — have not been ex- 

 plained, or acknowledged by breeders generally. 



