156 Cattle Problems. 



By the prevalent custom of tying-up, penning, and in 

 tliis and otlier ways preventing the necessary exercise of 

 cattle, particularly that of cows, in Germany and Russia, 

 and parts of England, and in several American localities, 

 particularly in the vicinity of New York, Philadelphia, and 

 other large populations, much of the necessary daily extent 

 of excretory breathing is prevented, and the accumulated 

 poison in the blood, so far from being reduced in the day- 

 time, is augmented, while constant additions to this poison 

 in the blood are made, as the result of a reduced extent 

 of breathing during the daily periods of repose, when ac- 

 tivity is urgently necessary to restore a healthy bal- 

 ance and quality of blood, by the cows and hogs, by main- 

 taining a healthy extent of excretion from their foul blood. 



In consequence of a too small quantity of oxygen in the 

 blood from reduced exercise and diminished breathing, 

 the proportion of carbonic acid increases in all parts of 

 the venous circulation, including the lungs. So the natural 

 balance of oxygen with other blood-constituents is de- 

 stroyed, the quantity and proportion of oxygen being 

 gradually, or rapidly, reduced, while the excess of carbonic 

 acid is as rapidly and continually increased. 



The increase of poison thus accumulated severely irri- 

 tates the lungs, because they receive and pass such a vast 



the tissues into the venous blood as an ingredient of carbonic acid, this de- 

 mand for oxygen does not reduce the quantity or built of the blood. But 

 expiratory breathing reduces the bulk of the blood as much and aa continu- 

 ously as inspiratory breathing increases its quantity, by introducing the oxy- 

 gen that adds to its bulk and completes the blood by supplying vital oxygen 

 to complete its red corpuscles. Expiration empties H|)ace, thus making 

 place for the increase of bulk which inhaled oxyi^en causes. Hence by re- 

 ducing the bulk of blood, so creating a comparative vacuum, expiratory 

 brealhing makes space for the inhaled oxygen, so making the flow or circula- 

 tion of the blood possible and necessary to All the space continuously vacated 

 by the carbonic acid expired. Motion in the contents of the red and white 

 corpuscles of the blood is caused by pulsation, and the continual change in 

 the position of tlie cell-contents, from their rolling motion in the liquid por- 

 tion of the blood. The constant change in the relative positions of the cor- 

 puscles causes an equally inces.sant change in the position of the cell con- 

 tents—the change of the position in tlie cell elements continually leading to 

 new chcmieaf action. So the pulse motion gives rise to change mechanically, 

 which leads to new and increasing chemical chanae, by which the ultimate 

 process of assimilation and tissue formation are elleetetl. 



