OILS 281 



in constantly increasing amounts in margarine and cooking 

 fats. About 35,000 tons of the kernel oil are used annually 

 in northern Europe in the manufacture of margarine. Palm 

 kernel cake contains 6 per cent, fat and 18 per cent, protein. 

 This product is widely and favorably known as a cattle feed, 

 being used for this purpose not only by the natives but also 

 in Europe, where the material is shipped in large quantities. 



Cocoa butter constitutes about 50 to 55 per cent, by weight 

 of the cacao beans. It is obtained as a by-product in the man- 

 ufacture of cocoa as indicated in the discussion of cocoa under 

 Beverages. Cocoa butter is yellowish when fresh but turns 

 white with age. It possesses a chocolate flavor and is very 

 firm at ordinary temperatures. Cocoa butter is used in phar- 

 macy, confectionery, and in the preparation of perfumes. 

 Large quantities of the material are ordinarily to be had for 

 this purpose. 



Chinese vegetable tallow is a firm fat which occurs as a coat- 

 ing on the seeds of Stillingia sebifera, a tree native to China 

 and Indo-China. Each fruit of this tree has 3 seeds. The tree 

 begins bearing at 5 years of age and produces 50 pounds of 

 seeds per tree per year or about 15 pounds of fat. Hankow 

 is the center of production, which amounts to 10,000 tons a 

 year. About 5,000 tons of the material are sent to Europe and 

 the United States. It is extensively used in China and else- 

 where in the manufacture of candles. The seed kernels yield 

 Stillingia oil, which is discussed elsewhere in this chapter. 



Chaulmoogra oil is a vegetable fat obtained by expression 

 from the seeds of the tree Taraktogenos kurzii, native to 

 Burma and Assam. Under pressure the seeds yield a yellow- 

 ish oil possessing the consistency of butter. The oil is much 

 used in the Orient and in Europe in treating skin diseases, and 

 is sometimes used internally in the treatment of tuberculosis. 

 In the Orient, Chaulmoogra oil has been much used in treat- 

 ing the superficial lesions of leprosy. 



Hydnocarpus oil is a yellowish, semi-solid vegetable fat ob- 



