24 CLEARING 
settlers, anxious to make progress with the preparations 
for their orchards. 
Stume-Punuers.—If the orchard-maker is able to com- 
mand the necessary amount of capital for purchasing the 
plant, the most efficacious and in the long run the most 
economical method of clearing is to employ machinery— 
namely, stump-pullers driven by a donkey engine, or 
worked by horses or oxen. While the plant varies, of 
course, a good deal in price, it may suffice for general pur- 
poses to say that a satisfactory equipment can be bought 
for $200 to $350. What the subsequent cost will be— 
namely, the cost of the actual operations of clearing— 
is obviously a very variable figure. It depends partly 
upon the size and character of the trees, partly upon 
their number and partly upon the description of the sur- 
face. So far there are very few data available as to 
actual cost of clearing by machinery. In one case that 
has come to my knowledge the cost of the actual opera- 
tions amounted to $50 per acre; in another place to 
$65. Near Vancouver, where the timber is not only 
large, but dense, clearing by machinery has cost, if I 
remember correctly, over $200 per acre. 
CHAIN AND PuLtEY TacKkLE.—Next to machinery 
comes the chain and pulley tackle. The apparatus con- 
sists of stout steel logging chains and two or more steel 
pulleys, and a team of horses. One end of one chain is 
fastened round the stump to be removed, one end of the 
second chain round some big stump conveniently near 
to serve as an anchorage, and the two are then connected 
together by a pulley at which the horses pull in such a 
way that the force brought to bear directly upon the 
