SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183 



plants are of higlier grade than oryptogainous, and angiospermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymnospermous, yet there is no 

 oulmination in the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous plants. 



554. The particular system most largely used at present in the olassi- 

 ficatiou of the orders is essentially the following : — 



Series I. PHANEROGAMIA ; Phaneeoga.mous or rLowBEiNG Plants. 



Class I. DICOTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME^, called for shortness 



in English, Dicotyledons or Dicotyls. Ovules in a closed ovary. 



Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 



reticulate-veined, 



Artificial Division I. Polypetal^, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Uannnculaceai to Cornacete. 

 Artificial Division II. GamopetaljE, with gamopetalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliacea to Plantaginacece. 

 Artificial Division III. Apetal^ or Incomplete, with perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 

 Nyciaginacece to Salieacea. 

 Class II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERMEiE, in English Gym- 

 NOSPEEMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order Gneiaceee, which strictly connects with Angiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Coni/ertB, and of Ogcadacex. 

 Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English Monocotyledons or 

 MoNOCOTYLS. Angiospermous. Embryo monocotyledonous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel- veined. 

 Division I. PetaloidejE. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series ooroUiiie. About 

 18 orders. 

 Division II. Calycine. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 

 corolline, mostly thiokish or gluraaceous. Chiefly two orders, 

 Juncaceie, the true Rushes, and Palma, Palms. 

 Division III. SpADiciFLORa; or Nudiflor*. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadioeous. Of five orders, 

 Typhaceoe and Aroidea the principal. 

 Division IF. Glumacee. Perianth none, or very rudimentary: 

 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperace<B and 

 Oraminete.. 

 Series II. CRYPTOGAMIA : Cryptogamous or Elowerless Plants. 

 Class I. PTERIDOPHYTA, Pteridophytes (484). 

 Class II. BRYOPHYTA, Beyophytes (498). 

 Class III. THAJjLOPHYTA, Thallophytes (503). 



