208 INTEODUCTOEY OHAPTEE. 



I. Brevipennes, Ostriches, Cassowaries, the Penguins, Auks, Gruillemots, 



and Grebes. 

 II. Longipennes, including the Terns, GruUs, Mews, Petrel, and Albatross. 



III. Totipalmates, the Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants, Frigate Bird, 



Tropic Bird. 



IV. LameUirostres, the Ducks, Geese, Swans, Flamingos. 



II. G-RALLATORES. 



Wading birds, having the legs long and naked from the tibia 

 downwards. 



I. Macrodadyli, Crakes, Coots, Eails, Screamers. 

 II. Oultrirostres, Boatbills, Cranes, Herons, Ibis, Storks, Spoonbills. 



III. Longirostres, Avocets, Snipes, Euffs, Turnstones, Sandpipers, Godwit, 



Curlews, Gambets. 



IV. Pressirostres, Oyster Catchers, Thioknee Plovers, Lapwings, Bustards, 



Coursers. 



III. Rasores. 



Scratching birds. Feet with strong, obtuse, scratching claws ; 

 mandible vaulted ; nostrils pierced at the base, covered by a 

 cartilaginous scale. 



I. GaZKreacece (Polygamous), Pea-fowl, Partridge, Pheasant, Quail, Grouse, 

 Pentados, Turkey, Curassow. 

 II. Columhacece (Monogamous), Pigeons, Gouravinago. 



lY. Cantores. 

 Singing birds. Legs short and slender, three toes before and 

 one behind. In this order, according to Professor Owen, the 

 brain attains its greatest proportionate size, and the organs of the 

 voice their greatest complexity. 



I. Dentirostres, Shrikes, "Wrens, WagtaUs, Thrushes, Warblers, Manakins. 

 II. Conirostres, Birds of Paradise, Crows, Tits, Starlings, Buntings, Larks, 



Finches, Grosbeaks. 

 III. Tenuirostres, Nuthatch, Creeper, Sunboard. 

 rV. Fissirostres, Swallows, Martins. 



V. VOLITOEES. 



Birds moving solely by flight. Skeleton light and buoyant ; 

 head large ; keel deep (entire on the Humming-bird) ; wings 



