38 BRITISH OAK GALLS. 
while from a sapling of about two years’ growth the 
author obtained in 1898 several leaves 36 cm. long 
and 19 cm. wide. : 
Many leaves also are long and very narrow, with 
entire margins and a blunt extremity. 
Although the general hue of the upper-surface of 
the leaves towards the close of summer is dull brown, 
this colour often changes either wholly or in patches 
to a warm russet-brown, with blotches of yellow, light 
orange, and red. Specimens that have had large 
numbers of galls of the genus Newroterus upon them 
show these colours to perfection, especially noticeable 
in the case of galls caused by N. nunvismatis. 
Leaves from which there is a total absence of chloro- 
phyll do not bear galls. 
On young trees and brushwood the withered leaves 
often remain until the following spring, when the 
growth of new wood and expanding buds causes them 
to fall off. 
Two other species of Quercus may also be briefly 
described, since they are referred to in subsequent 
pages: 
(1) The Turkey oak, Q. cerris (Plate IV, div. A). 
It is a tall, graceful tree with long, narrow, deeply- 
notched, dark green leaves, which have a petiole of 
medium length. The acorns are large, ovoid in shape, 
about half of which is enclosed in the cupule. The 
‘interior of the cupule is silvery-white; the exterior is 
covered with scales which are very long (12 to 15 
mm.), and very numerous (as many as 400), and 
yellowish-green in colour. 
This oak was introduced into England by Miller 
about the year 1735. It is now somewhat commonly 
distributed over Britain, and as it flourishes in nearly 
all soils, and grows twice as fast as Q. robur it is a 
good and useful species in parks, plantations, etc. 
The wood is good, but it is not so heavy as that of 
Q. robur. 
In some seasons enormous numbers of acorns are 
