92. BRITISH OAK GALLS. 
The larva pupates in the gall The imago emerges during the 
second spring. 
Parasites, Nos. 44, 108, 149, 152, 161, 175, 178. Inquiline, 
No. 131. 
Alternate sexual generation: Andricus noduli, Hartig. 
This gall was observed in Britain by Sir T. Browne, 
M.D., in 1668 (see Introduction). 
In the year 1870 it was brought before the 
notice of entomologists by A. Miller, who reared some 
imagines. 
It is so distinctive in situation, texture and colora- 
tion that once having been seen there is no difficulty 
in recognising it in any of its various forms, and of 
distinguishing it from the other root gall, Biorhiza 
aptera. 
The typical situation for this gall is on the largest 
roots of old oak trees where they branch off from the 
base of the trunk, and partly, or entirely, concealed 
by loose earth, leaves or moss. It is found also at 
a depth of about six inches below the ground, and 
it occurs on the trunk of the tree, rarely, however, 
at a greater height than two feet from the ground level, 
and still more'rarely on a smal] branch springing from 
the base of the trunk, as shown in Plate XXX, div. A. 
Of many dozens of specimens I have seen two only 
have occurred in such an uncommon situation. The 
most certain place, perhaps, to find this gall, is a hedge 
bank where a stub-oak forms part of the hedge, 
and its roots (here and there exposed) are old 
and extensive. The alternate generation is sure to be 
near by. 
The form of the gall is exceedingly variable. It is 
difficult to define a typical figure. 
When formed below ground the shape depends 
upon the density of the surrounding earth, and it may 
be flat, ovoid, pyriform, globular, or as indicated above ; 
and sessile or attached by a stout peduncle. Moreover 
it does not appear to attain so great proportions as 
