CYNIPS KOLLARI. 107 
The gall may be sessile and axillary upon the side 
of a stout branch or shoot, or it may be terminal 
upon a thin stem a few millimetres only in length, 
or securely affixed to a long slender twig. An 
example of the latter character, found by the author 
at Hastings in 1895, is of a globular specimen, 66 mm. 
in girth, situated terminally on a twig 88 cm. long, 
and not more than 3 mm. in diameter throughout 
its entire length. 
Normally the gall is globular. It is smooth all 
over, except at the pole opposite to that of attachment 
to the twig where it bears a small, sharp-pointed 
style (which is occasionally bifid), chocolate brown in 
colour. It consists of dead tissue, and is sometimes 
described as the pseudo-stigma, and the pseudo-carpel. 
It can be recognised during early development. 
When normal development of the gall is arrested early 
by parasites, or inquilines, the style is accentuated 
(Plate XXXVI, figs. 7, 8). 
Many oak-marbles gathered in winter and spring, 
have numerous small dark brown. excrescences upon 
them which have pushed their way through the 
exterior of the gall. Hitherto these appear to have 
been known as brown bodies. In January, 1908, the 
author, believing them to be due to fungoid agency, 
sent speciméns to the Royal Herbarium at Kew. They 
were there identified as being attacked by the fungus 
Phoma gallorum, Briard, a species for the first time 
recorded as occurring in Britain. See Plate XXXIX, 
div. A. 
The surface of the gall frequently has one or 
many small conical protuberances upon it (Plate 
XXXV), which vary much in size and height. 
There may be only one (figs. 17, 18), or as many as 
twelve or fifteen (fig. 7), all separate (figs. 10, 11), 
or coalescent in the form of a ridge (fig. 8), or 
ridges (fig. 5). For these conical elevations I 
propose the name of papille. They are quite distinct 
in shape from the style. They arise gradually from 
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