188 BRITISH OAK GALLS. 
Parasites, Nos. 19, 20, 22, 32, 33, 36, 39, 44, 55, 56, 58, 63, 65, 
80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 90, 91, 92, 98, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 
107, 116, 118, 148, 151, 158, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 164, 167, 168, 
169, 170, 171, 172, 178, 174, 176, 180, 184 (see pp. 150-152). 
Inquilines, Nos. 71, 73. “ 
Alternate agamic generation: Biorhiza aptera, Fabr. 
Hyper-parasites and other insects and creatures 
that have been found upon, within, and reared from 
galls of 7’. terminalis are very numerous. The student 
desirous of following the subject will find them 
enumerated in ‘ The Entomologist,’ No. 152, February, 
1876, pp. 29-42; also in ‘ Brit. Phyto. Hymen.,’ 
vol. iv, p. 120, and in ‘ Alternating Generations,’ 
pp. 77-79. 
This gall received its specific name because of its 
propensity in developing, usually, from a terminal 
bud. It, however, develops from axillary buds with 
equal frequency and vigour. 
It is an exceedingly familiar object to persons living 
in rural districts, and also to those who notice oak 
trees while passing along country roads, or through 
woods during the months of May and June, and also 
July, if the season is late. 
The autumn-winter condition of the gall is not so 
well known. When partly decayed, and most of the 
inhabitants have escaped from the tissues, the remnant 
is so unlike its summer condition that few persons 
-regard it as connected with the soft and delicately 
tinted oak-apple of May and June. 
When Biorhiza aptera deposits her numerous ova 
she almost severs the bud from the twig with the 
continuous puncturings of her ovipositor. Immedi- 
ately, therefore, gall growth begins, the few remaining 
connecting cells are ruptured, and the whole of the 
bud (with, perhaps, the exception of a few basal 
outer leaf scales), is lifted from its base, and remains 
adherent to the surface of the gall. The bud may 
thus be retained in an upright position, or in a jaunty 
attitude, and unless removed by wind, or other causes, 
