432 THE WONDER OF LIFE 



7. Care and ' education ' Flight, fear, seeking prey, 

 of young, guarding, fighting giving call and alarm notes ; 

 for, feeding, encouraging, following, crouching, hiding ; 

 teaching, etc. imitating. 



8. Autumn migration to Migration with adults or 

 winter quarters — singly, or independently. 



in company with individuals 

 of the same or of different 

 species. 



Retrospect. — ^In the lower reaches of the animal king- 

 dom there is prolific multiphcation and great mortality ; 

 or, from another point of view, a hfe full of hazards and 

 high reproductivity to cope with these. It has been one 

 of the great steps in evolution to economize Hfe, and one of 

 the most successful ways of doing this has heen by parental 

 care, of which affection is a consequence. As Chalmers 

 Mitchell expresses it : ' The mere toleration of the young 

 by the mother is a new begirming in hfe, and is the foun- 

 dation of many of the highest quahties displayed by the 

 highest animals and by man himself '. . . . The relations 

 of the young to the mother ' are a continuation of the 

 organic relation by which the young are born of the body 

 of their mother, and they exist and become, so to speak, 

 a habit, before the individuahty, the physical powers, and 

 the senses and aptitudes of the young are really awakened '. 

 . . . Later on we have, of course, affection as well as 

 care ; and famihes lead on to societies. 



The Individual and the Race. — When we study the 

 modes of multiphcation, or the instinctive provision made 

 for the young, or the more dehberate parental care of higher 

 animals, we cannot but be struck by the fact that what is 



