Lamson (7) in 1899 gives the results of his spraying experiments for 

 the Baldwin fruit spot. He sprayed the trees three times with one to ten 

 " Bordeaux mixture," once before blossoming, again just after the petals 

 had fallen, and again two weeks later. He found that the unsprayed 

 Baldwins showed 48 per cent, free from spots, while the sprayed trees 

 showed 78 per cent, free from spots. 



Stewart (8) describes the external appearance of the disease in Baldwin 

 apples, and says that Wortmann thinks it due primarily to insufficient 

 water in the afiected parts. He notes the fact that the stem half of the 

 apple remains free, while in the calyx half the spots were not only con- 

 fined to the surface but extended into the middle of the tissue at the calyx 

 end, especially if the apples were kept for some little time in the laboratory. 

 His experiments with apples kept in moist chambers showed that although 

 the spots did not increase in number externally, internally within the 

 fruit they did increase in number. Trials to produce any growth in culture 

 media entirely failed. Stewart says that Wortmann observed that starch 

 was present, often in abundance, in the brown spongy tissue, while the 

 surrounding healthy tissue was destitute of starch. Stewart found that 

 the starch is far more abundant in the spots near the epidermis than those 

 more deeply seated. Stewart comes to the conclusion that the real cause 

 is unknown. 



Macoun (9) in 1899 says that the disease has been under investigation 

 for some years, and that during the years 1897-98 nineteen varieties 

 of apples were affected at the experimental farm, some being so badly 

 injured that the fruit was almost worthless. Spraying with fungicides 

 appeared to have no effect in reducing the disease. From enquiries which 

 he made, he learnt that at least sixty varieties of apples in Canada and 

 the States were affected, and that the Baldwin apple suffered most of all. 

 while the disease had been observed for twenty-eight years. 



Maynard (10) in 1900 reports that the spotting has so injured many 

 varieties of apples for the last three or four years as to render the fruit almost 

 unmarketable. From experiments carried out at the station and other 

 locahties with fertihzers and various methods of cultivation, it is con- 

 cluded that the disease is due to premature and imperfect ripening. Light 

 soils exposed to the south, and containing large supplies of nitrogen, are 

 said to favour the spotting, while in cool soils well supphed with potash 

 and with a northern aspect, little or no spotting is found. 



McAlpine (11) in 1902 notes the fact that bitter pit has been very 

 prevalent for the last few years in Australia, and that some of their most 

 valuable apples, such as Jonathan, Cleopatra, ' Scarlet Nonpareil, and 

 Esopus Spitzenberg have been particularly subject to it. He advises 

 shippers to exercise great care in selecting their apples for the London 

 market, as numerous complaints have been received from London regarding 

 the disease in Australian and Tasmanian apples. 



Quinn (12) in 1905 gave an account of his observations on the disease 

 in South Australia. He thinks that there is but httle doubt that the com- 

 bined presence of much moisture and high temperatures appear to be 

 predisposing in their influences. A fist of the varieties of apples com- 

 monly grown in South AustraHa is given, showing their comparative im- 

 munity to the spot. Quinn's experience is, that wherever vigorous growth 



