204 MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY. 



a central plate, composed of two pieces united together in the middle line, 

 and constituting the "sternum" proper; the arc being completed by two 

 lateral pieces, termed the "epistema." These plates are usually more or 

 less completely anchylosed together, and the true structure of the somite 

 in these cases is often shown by what are called "apodemata." These 

 are septa which proceed inwards from the internal surface of the somite, 

 penetrating more or less deeply between the various organs enclosed by 

 the ring, and always proceeding from the line of junction of the different 

 pieces of the segment (fig. 6l). 



It must be borne in mind that though the so-called " head " 

 ■ — that is to say, the " cephalothorax " — of the Lobster is pro- 

 duced by an amalgamation of the various somites of the head 

 and thorax, this is not the case with the great shield which 

 covers this portion of the body. This shield — the so-called 

 "cephalic buckler," or "carapace" — is not produced by the 

 union of the tergal arcs of the various cephalic and thoracic 

 segments, as would at first sight appear to be the case. On 

 the contrary, the " carapace " in the higher Crustacea is pro- 

 duced by an enormous development of the tergal pieces, or of 

 the " epimera " of one or two of the cephalic segments : the 

 tergal arcs of the remaining somites being overlapped byathe 

 carapace and remaining undeveloped. 



Examining the somites from behind forwards Cfor simplici- 

 t/s sake), the last segment comes to be first described. This 

 is the so-called " telson," which forms the last articulation of 

 the abdomen, and never bears any appendages. For this 

 reason, many authorities do not regard it as a somite, properly 

 speaking, but simply as an azygos appendage — that is to say, 

 as an appendage without a fellow. In the next segment (the 

 last but one, or the last, pf the abdomen, according to the view 

 which is taken of the "telson"), there is a pair of natatory ap- 

 pendages, called " swimmerets." Each swimmeret (fig. 62, 2) 

 "consists of a basal joint, which articulates with the sternum, 

 and is called the " protopodite " or propodite, and of two 

 diverging joints, which are attached to the former ; the outer 

 of these being called the " exopodite," and the inner the " en- 

 dopodite." In this particular segment, the exopodite and 

 endopodite are greatly expanded, so as to form powerful pad- 

 dles, and the exopodite is divided into two by a transverse 

 joint. In the succeeding somites of the abdomen — ^with the 

 exception of the first, in which there is some modification — 

 the appeindages are in the form of swimmerets, essentially the 

 same as those attached to the penultimate segment, and differ- 

 ing only in the fact, that the exopodite and endopodite are 

 much narrower, and the former is undivided (fig. 62, 2). The 



