26o MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY. 



are ocelli between the compound eyes, and the antennas 

 are small and composed of few joints. The females 

 have an ovipositor of three toothed blades. In this 

 section are the Aphides, the Scale Insects {Coccidce), 

 the Cicadas, the Lantern-flies (Fulgora)^ &c. 

 Sub-order b. Heteropterat, — Anterior wings membranous 

 near their apices, but chitinous towards the base 

 (hemelytra) ; the rostrum springing from the front of 

 the head. The inner margins of -the wings are straight 

 or contiguous. The antennae are moderate in size, and 

 composed of a few large joints. The pro-thorax is the 

 largest segment of the thorax. They are divided into 

 the two groups of the Hydrocoriscs (Water-bugs) and 

 GeoariscB (Land-bugs), according as they are aquatic or 

 mainly terrestrial in their habits. 

 Order V. Orthoptera. — Mouth masticatory; wings four, 

 sometimes wanting ; tne anterior pair mostly smaller than the 

 posterior, semi-coriaceous or leathery, usually with numerous 

 nervures, the interspaces between which are filled with many 

 transverse reticulations; sometimes overlapping horizontally 

 (Cockroach), sometimes meeting like the roof of a, hou%e 

 (Grasshoppers). posterior wings usually having their front 

 portion of a different texture from their hinder portion, this 

 latter being almost always more transparent, and when not in 

 use, folded longitudinally like a fan. Posterior wings mostly 

 wanting in the females of the Blattida. Antennae usually 

 filiform. Metamorphosis semi-incomplete (sometimes, how- 

 ever, the adult is apterous, when it becomes almost impossible, 

 to distinguish the larva, pupa, and imago). 



This order includes the Crickets (Achetind), Grasshoppers 

 {Gryllina), Locusts (^Locustind), CockTO&ches {£/aiiina, fig. 88), 

 &c. Some of them are formed for running {cursorial), all the 

 legs being nearly equal in size ; whilst in others the first pair 

 of legs are greatly developed, and form powerful raptorial 

 organs, as in the Mantis. In others, again, as in the Grass- 

 hoppers and Crickets, the hindmost pair of legs are greatly 

 elongated, so as to give a considerable power of leaping to 

 them. All the Orthoptera are extremely voracious, and the 

 ravages caused by locusts in hot countries are well known to 

 all. The most destructive of the Locusts is the Migratory 

 Locust {Acrydium migratorium,, fig. 89) of Africa and Southern 

 Asia. This formidable species is celebrated for the destruc- 

 tion which it causes in certain seasons in the countries in 

 which it occurs, a destruction against which human art has 

 hitherto proved wholly powerless. Vast hordes of this species , 



