ANNULOSA: INSECTA. Zb^ 



spine ("retinaculum") which is received into a hook on the 

 under surface of the anterior wings ; and the pupas are never 

 angular. 



Fig. 94. — Goat-moth [Cossiis ligniperda) and Caterpillar. 



The Nocturnal Lepidoptera have the antennae setaceous, or 

 diminishing gradually from the base to the apex, often serrated 

 or pectinated (fig. 94) ; the wings in repose are horizontal or 

 deflexed, and the hind-wings are furnished with a "retinaculum," 

 as in the preceding section; the pupse are mostly smooth, 

 sometimes spiny, and often enclosed in a cocoon. 



Order X. Hymenoptera. — ^Wings four, membranous, with 

 few nervures; sometimes absent. Mouth always provided 

 with biting-jaws, or mandibles ; the maxillae and labium often 

 converted into a suctorial organ. Females having the ex- 

 tremity of the abdomen mostly furnished with an ovipositor 

 {terebra or aculeus), consisting chieily of three elongated pro- 

 cesses, of which two serve as a sheath for the third. Besides 

 the compound eyes, there are usually three ocelli placed on 

 the top of the head. The antennae are generally filiform or 

 setaceous. The metamorphosis is complete, but the various 

 parts of the pupa are visible through the delicate enclosing 

 13 



