552 MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY. 



The Bactrian Catnel ( C. Bactriantis) is distinguished by th6 

 possession of two humps ; but in other respects it does not 

 differ from the Dromedary. The two species are said to 

 breed together, and the hybrid offspring* is stated to be occa- 

 sionally fertile. The place of the Camels is taken in the New 

 World by the Llama and Alpaca, with two other nearly-allied 

 forms. These animals form the genus Auchenia, and are in 

 many respects similar to the true Camels. They are distin- 

 guished, however, by having no hump upon the back, and by 

 the fact that the two toes are not conjoined and supported by 

 a callous pad, as in the Camels, but are separate, with separate 

 pads, and with strong curved nails. The neck is long and 

 the head comparatively small, whilst the upper lip is mobile 

 and deeply cleft vertically. The Llamas are chiefly found in 

 Peru and Chili, and considerable doubt exists as to the num- 

 ber of species. They live in flocks in mountainous regions, 

 and are much smaller than the Camels in size. The true 

 Llama is kept as a domesticated animal, and used as a beast 

 of burden. The Alpaca is still smaller than the Llama, and 

 is not very unlike a sheep, having a long woolly coat. It is 

 partially domesticated, and the wool is largely imported into 

 Europe. 



b. Moschidm. — The second group is that of the Musk-deer, 

 characterised by the total absence of horns in both sexes, and 

 by the presence of canines in both jaws, those in the upper 

 jaw being in the form of tusks in the males, but being much 

 smaller in the females. 



The true Musk-deer {Moschus ntoschiferus) is an elegant 

 little animal, which inhabits the elevated plains of central 

 Asia. It is remarkable for the fact that the male has a glan- 

 dular sac on the abdomen, by which the well-known perfume, 

 musk, is secreted. The musk-gland is wanting in the Napu 

 {Moschus /avanicus) of Java, and also in the little Kanchil 

 {Tragulus pygmmus), which is the smallest of living Ruminants. 



e. Cervidce. — This family is of much greater importance than 

 that of the Moschida, including as it does all the true Deer. 

 They are distinguished from the other Ruminants chiefly by 

 the nature of the horns. With the single exception of the 

 Reindeer, these appendages are confined to the males amongst 

 the Ca-vidce, and do not occur in the females. They do not 

 consist, as in the succeeding group, of a hollow sheath of horn 

 surrounding a central bony core, nor are they permanently re- 

 tained by the animal. On the other hand, the horns — or, as 

 they are more properly called, the ant/ers — of the Cervida are 

 deciduous, and are solid. They are bony throughout, and are 



