582 MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY. 



broad, the muzzle rounded, and the muscles of the jaw 

 extremely powerful and well developed. The claws are non- 

 retractile. All the molars are trenchant except the last upper 

 molar, which is tuberculate. The upper carnassial has a small 

 internal tubercle, and the lower carnassial is wholly trenchant. 

 There is a deep glandular pouch beneath the anus. 



There are two well-known species of Hyaena, and the whole 

 group is exclusively confined to the Old World. The best- 

 known species is the Striped Hysena {Hycma striata), which is 

 found in North Africa, Asia Minor, Arabia, and Persia. It is 

 an ill-conditioned ferocious beast, but will not attack man 

 unless provoked. The Spotted Hysena (H. crocutd) occurs 

 solely in Africa, being especially abundant in Cape Colony. 

 If the so-called Aardwolf (Proteles) is to be placed amongst the 

 Hysenas, as is generally done, then the characters to be drawn 

 from the feet are not invariable ; since this singular animal has 

 the fore-feet furnished with five toes, whilst the hind-feet are 

 tetradactylous (as is the case in the Dogs). It is a nocturnal 

 burrowing animal, and is found in South Africa. The singular 

 " Hunting Dog" (Lycaon pictus), again, of South Africa, agrees, 

 with the Hyaenas in being tetradactylous, but has no irfane, 

 and approaches the Dogs in its dentition and osteology. 

 . An extinct Hysena, considerably larger than either of the 

 living forms, formerly existed in Britain and in various parts 

 of Europe. It is known as the Cave Hysena (H. spelaa), its 

 remains having been principally found in caves. 



The next family is that of the Canidce, comprising the Dogs,' 

 Wolves, Foxes, and Jackals. The members of this family 

 are characterised by having pointed muzzles, smooth tongues, 

 and non-retractile claws. The fore-feet have five toes each, 



the hind-feet have only four. The molar teeth are •, 



7 — 7 



7 — 7 

 sometimes - — -, and of these, two or three on each side are 



7 — 7 

 tuberculate. The carnassial has a tolerably large he;el or 

 process. 



The true Dogs (i.e., the Dog and Wolf) have round pupils, 

 and a tail which is of moderate length and rarely very hairy. 

 The Foxes ( Vulpes) have very long bushy tails, and the pupil 

 contracts to a mere line. 



The Dog (Canis familiaris) is only known to us at the present 

 day as a domesticated animal. Such wild dogs as there are, 

 are probably merely derived from the domestic dog ; and the 

 original stock, or stocks, from which our numerous varieties of. 



