DISTRIBUTION OF MAMMALIA IN TIME. 61$ 



similar forms have been found in the Pliocene deposits of the 

 Sivalik Hills of India. 



The earliest-known Antelopes are Miocene, but the largest 

 and most extraordinary fossil examples of this family are two 

 gigantic four-horned Antelopes, which occur in the Pliocene 

 strata of the Sivalik Hills of India, and have been described 

 under the names of Sivatherium and Bramatherium. 



The Bovidm, or Ox tribe, has hitherto only occurred in rocks 

 not older than the Pliocene or Post-pliocene. At this latter 

 period England alone possessed four oxen — viz., the Lithua- 

 nian Aurochs {Bos bison or Bos priscus), the Wild Bull or 

 Urus {Bos primtgenius), the Bos antiquus, and a small aboriginal 

 species, the Bos longifrons, believed by Owen to be " the source 

 of the domesticated cattle of the Celtic races before the Roman 

 invasion." 



Order VII. IIyracoidea.^-T\ns little order, represented at 

 the present day by no more than the single genus Hyrax, is 

 not known to have any fossil representatives. 



Order VIII. Proboscidea. — This order, including no other 

 living forms than the Elephants, came into existence in the 

 Miocene period, where it is represented by all its three sec- 

 tions, Deimtkeriunii Mastodon, and Elephas. 



Fig. 242. — Skeleton oi Mastodon. 



The Deinotherium (fig. 222) was a gigantic Miocene Mam- 

 mal, probably something like the living Elephants, but having 

 no incisors in the upper jaw. In place of these, the lower jaw 

 was furnished with two long tusk -like incisors, which were 

 bent downwards. 



In most essential respects the Mastodons (fig. 242) resemble 

 the ElephaVits, but the molar teeth were furnished with nipple- 

 shaped eminences. Usually there are two tusk-shaped upper 

 ■ncisors, but sometimes lower incisors are present as well 



