TURDUS. 19 



cens the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish 

 (sometimes scarcely appreciable) towards the end. 



This species hitherto has not been noted as found outside of the 

 Kmits of Washington Territory and Northern Oregon, nor as far east 

 as the Rocky Mountains — the most eastern point being Chiloweyuck 

 Depot, of the Northwestern Boundary Survey (as 15,931, July 3, 

 1859, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly. 

 The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of T. swainsoni, being 

 thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its nearest relative, 

 T. fuscescens. 



Turdus s^vainsonii. 



Turdus swainsonii, Cab. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188. — ? Scla- 

 TER & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala).— Sclatee, P. Z. S. 1858, 

 451 (Ecuador); 1859, 326.— Ib. Catal. 1861, 2, no. 11.— Baird, 

 Birds N. Am. 1858, 216.— Gundlach, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba). 



Turdus minor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 809 (in part). 



Turdus olivaceus, Gieaud, Birds L. Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of Linn.). 



(?) Turdus minimus, Lapbbsnaye, Rev. Zool. 1848, 5. — Sclatee, P. Z. S. 

 1854, 111.— Brtaht, Pr. Best. Soc. VII, 1860, 226 (Bogota).— 

 Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.) 

 Eab. Eastern North America ; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia, 

 north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador. 



There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of 

 this species from different parts of the United States. There is a 

 strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck, 

 a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same 

 extending from the nostrils to the eye. The upper parts are of uni- 

 form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade ; sometimes a little 

 grayer, sometimes with a, faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually 

 almost inappreciable. 



Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce 

 a resemblance to T. alicise ; but here the persistence of the yellowish 

 ring round the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally 

 determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye 

 and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex- 

 istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainsonii. 

 It is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be 

 hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions 

 where both breed abundantly. 



The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35 

 from front of bill to nostril ; in one or tyvo specimens in the series, 

 as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as 



