ANTHUS. 153 



outer four quills, the fifth being abruptly shorter. To this belong 

 A. ludovicianus, and the European spinoletta, obscurus, pratensis, 

 and cervinus. In a second section, of which there appear to be no 

 American representatives, the tip is formed by the outer three 

 feathers only, and to it belong arhoreus, campestris, and richardi. 

 Each of these has been made the type of a genus : Pipastes, Agro- 

 doma, and Corydalla, respectively, of which the latter has priority 

 of date. A. arhoreus has the hind claw rather shorter and more • 

 curved than the rest. 



All the American species of Titlark that I have been able to see, 

 excepting Anthus ludovicianus, appear to belong to quite a different 

 type from the European. First among them is the northern Neo- 

 corys, much like typical Anthus in the long pointed w^ings, and the 

 outer four primaries abruptly longer than the 5th, but differing in 

 considerably shorter tail, and longer legs, which actually reach the 

 tip of tail instead of falling considerably short of it. Most of the 

 South American species again, while most nearly related to Neocorys 

 in. these respects, differ from both Neocorys and Anthus in the less 

 pointed wings. Here again there are two sections, one with the tip 

 of the wing formed by four primaries (Notiocorys) ; the other (Fedio- 

 corys), in which five primaries enter into this tip, the whole wing, 

 the inner secondaries especially, apparently unusually broad ; of 

 this last a specimen from Quito (30,912), doubtfully referred to 

 A. bogotensis of Sclater, may be considered the type, and to it 

 belongs another species from TJraguay, which I have not- attempted 

 to identify, as I cannot make it agree with any described species. 



Properly, however, to define the characters of the American Tit- 

 larks will require a more complete series of the species than I have 

 at present access to, and for the present I merely indicate the sections 

 above named. If, however, Neocorys be retained as a genus, in dis- 

 tinction from true Anthus, I cannot well avoid considering the South 

 American forms as again different, and to leave the whole question 

 on a basis for further investigation, I propose to make use of all 

 these names in a subgeneric sense only. 



a. Anthus, Bechst. 



Anthus ludovicianus. 



Alauda ludoviciana, Gm. S. N. 1, 1788, 793. — Anthus ludovicianus, Light. 

 Verz. 1823, 37 ; also of Audubon & Bonapakte. — Baikd, Birds N. 

 Am. 1858, 232.— CouES, Pr. A. N. S. 1861, 220 (Labrador).— Sclater, 

 P. Z. S. 1856, 296 (Cordova).— Is. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153.— Scl. 



