154 EEVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 



& Saiv. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).— Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 



29, autumn. — Blakiston, Ibis, 1862) 4 (Saskatchewan). 

 Alauda rubra, Gm. ; Alauda rufa, WiLS. ; Anthus spinoletta, Bon., Aud. ; 



Alauda pennsylvanica, Bkiss. ; ? Alauda pennsylvanica, Bonn. Encycl. 



Meth. I, 1790, 319. 

 ?MotacUla hudsonica, Lath. Ind. Om. II, 1790, 503.— Vieiliot, Encyol. 



Meth. II, 1823, 447. 

 Anthus pennsylvanica, Zandek ; Anthus aquaticus, AuD. ; Anthus pipiens, 



AuD. ; Anthus rubens, Mebrem. ; Anthus reinhardtii, Holboll, Fauna 



Greenland, (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25 (Greenland). 

 Figures : Ann. B. A. Ill, pi. 140.— Is. Om. Blog. I, pi. 80.— Wilson, 



V, pi. 89. 



Hab. Whole of North America; Greenland ; Bermuda ; south to Orizaba, 

 Guatemala, and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. {Gdtke). Not noted in 

 West Indies. 



In spring the colors are purer than in autumn ; the upper parts 

 more grayish-brown, especially on the head and nape, lacking almost 

 entirely the autumnal olivaceous. The reddish tinge of the under 

 parts seems peculiar to the spring dress. The bill and legs also 

 appear blacker than in autumn, and the dark streaks on the breast 

 more confined. The shade of color of the under parts in autumnal 

 specimens varies considerably from whitish to fulvous, as does also 

 the size of the spots. Cape St. Lucas specimens are smaller. 



An Anthus labelled A. rupestris {obsourus), from Greenland, is 

 not appreciably different from true ludovicianus ; the legs being 

 paler merely than in some specimens, and agreeing exactly in this 

 respect with others. The markings of the tail are precisely the 

 same. As the obscurus is not recognized by Reinhardt as a Green- 

 land bird, and the ludovicianus {reinhardtii of Holboll) is said to 

 be common, I presume there is an error in the label. 



This species has a very wide range, extending over the whole of 

 North America, and probably far into South America, as there are 

 specimens in the museum of the Phila. Academy from Peru, which, 

 in their somewhat defective condition, I am unable to distinguish 

 from typical ludovicianus. A single instance is recorded of its 

 occurrence in Europe ; namely, in the island of Heligoland, in the 

 North Sea, where Herr Gatke has found so many stragglers from 

 America and Asia, many of them unknown in other parts of Europe. 



Specimens are in the collection from various localities throughout 

 the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, as also 

 from Moose Factory, Rupert House, Grosvater Bay, Labrador, Fort 

 Good Hope, Fort Simpson, Fort Rae (not received from the Yukon 

 or Port Anderson). Others are as follows : — 



