VI ANIMAL TRAINING AND INTELLIGENCE 1 63 



During the World's Fair at Chicago, and for 

 some years afterward, the principal cities of the 

 United States were treated to exhibitions of Ha- 

 genbeck's remarkable troupes of trained animals. 

 Hagenbeck was at the head of a firm in Hamburg 

 which dealt more largely than any other in the 

 world in living animals for zoological gardens 

 and menageries, and it was natural that he should 

 produce the excellent exhibition he had organized. 

 In numbers, variety, and freedom from visible 

 restraint, these troupes exceeded anything seen 

 upon the modern stage, though it is likely that 

 the shows in the ancient Roman arenas equalled 

 or even exceeded them in both skill and audacity. 

 The crowning spectacle of each performance was, 

 as I have hinted, a tableau in which lions and 

 lionesses, tigers and their mates, leopards, jaguars, 

 pumas, bears, and now and then other beasts, 

 wholly unchained, mounted upon stands and ar- 

 ranged themselves into a sort of pyramid, well 

 worth beholding ; but they were required to keep 

 this formal position only a few seconds, when 

 they gladly obeyed the ring-master's permission to 

 come down and rush away to their dens. But, 

 after all, interesting as this spectacular "act" was, 

 it was remarkable only in showing how the most 

 savage and naturally jealous and quarrelsome 

 carnivora can be made to keep the peace in each 

 other's company. 



It is doubtful whether lions, tigers, and their 



