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48 QUEEN'S QUARTERLY. 



Related to the Anglo-Saxon verb Beorgan, and the German 

 bergen, to shelter or hide, are the suffixes: bury, borough, burgh, 

 brough, and barrow. Sometimes these words denote the funeral 

 mound which gave shelter to the remains of the dead, but more fre- 

 quently they mean the embanked inclosure which afforded refuge to 

 the living. From their position on the crests of hills, they came to 

 mean " a hill-fortress." Ham is also very frequent, meaning that 

 which hems in, an inclosure, the most holy of all, the home, the one 

 secret (geheim) and sacred place. 



Another most important element in Anglo-Saxon names is the 

 syllable ing ; used sometimes as a suffix and sometimes in the middle 

 of a name. It points out a clan in the same way as Mac in Scotland 

 and O' in Ireland. The Saxon immigration was, doubtless, an im- 

 migration of clans (cluin ^ children in Gaelic). The head of the 

 family built or bought a ship, and embarked in it with his children, 

 his freedmen, and his neighbours, and established a family colony 

 on any shore to which the winds might carry him. Quite different 

 was the colonization by soldiers of fortune from Scandinavian 

 shores. It was individualistic. The termination ing therefore de- 

 notes the children or subjects of a chief whose name has thus been 

 saved from oblivion. 



England is not the only country which was conquered and 

 colonized by the Anglo-Saxon race. In the old French provinces of 

 Picardy and Artois there is a well defined district, lying between 

 Calais, Boulogne, and St. Omer, and fronting the English coast, in 

 which the name of almost every village and hamlet is of the pure 

 Anglo-Saxon type with its counterpart in England. Thus we have 

 in the French district and on the English side of the Channel, 

 amongst many others the following towns : 



In France. In England. 



Warhem Warham. 



Rattekot Radcot. 



Le Wast Wast. 



Frethun Freton. 



Cohen, Cuhem, Cuhen Cougham. 



Hollebeque Holbeck. 



Ham, Hame, Hames Ham. 



Werwick Warwick. 



Appegarbe Applegarth. 



Sangate Sandgate. 



