EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS 49 



ments and was constantly moving back and forth. To 

 abstract from these the essential and really effective 

 movements was truly difiScult. It was much easier to 

 observe these movements in the case of Mr. Schillings, 

 probably on account of the fewer accompanying move- 

 ments and perhaps on account of their greater distinct- 

 ness. Usually he would raise the entire trunk a trifle, so 

 that the movements could be noticed from behind. Be- 

 sides these, I had an opportunity to observe the Count 

 zu Castell, Mr. Hahn and the Count Matuschka. All 

 three made the same movements, though somewhat more 

 minutely than Mr. Schillings, yet none was as slight as 

 those of Mr. von Osten.* I further noticed that Count 

 Matuschka and Mr. Schillings often showed a tetidency 

 to accompany every tap of the horse with a slight nod 

 of the head, the last being accompanied by a more pro- 

 nounced nod and then followed by the upward jerk of the 

 head, in other words, they beat time with the horse. In 

 the case of the last three mentioned, for whom the horse 

 responded far less effectively than for Mr. von Osten or 

 Mr. Schillings, belated or precipitate jerks would fre- 

 quently occur. This was found to be true in the case of 

 all other persons who had failed to elicit adequate re- 



* During the tests Mr. von Osten neariy always wore a slouch hat 

 with a wide rim. The rim, of course, always moved with the head, and 

 made the movements appear on a larger scale, (in the ratio of about 

 3 : 2, as I was able to ascertain later by graphic methods). But obser- 

 vation was successful, even at a distance of a meter and a half, when he 

 worked with head uncovered. And even if head and forehead were 

 covered entirely, it was still possible to note the movements by watch- 

 ing the eye-brows. When Mr. Schillings and the rest of us worked 

 with the horse, we either went bare-headed or wore only a very small 

 cap. 



