EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS 85 



total of 59 tests with placards I succeeded in getting 31% 

 correct responses under the first head and 46% under the 

 second head. We must note that without verbal admoni- 

 tion only one-third of the tests brought forth correct 

 responses, whereas one-half succeeded when those in 

 which calls were used, are added. Still, this is a relatively 

 poor showing. In the most favorable series that Mr. von 

 Osten ever obtained in our presence — and there was only 

 one such — 50% of the responses ' without admonition ' 

 were correct, and 90% when all the correct reactions, both 

 with and without admonition, were taken into account. 



Not all the places in the row required the same amount 

 of assistance by means of calls. Those positions which 

 needed the most help, were those which it was most 

 difficult to indicate to the horse by the visual sign, i. e., 

 the attitude of the questioner's body. We noted above 

 (page 81) that the cloths at either end of the row were 

 less difficult to point out than those nearer the middle. 

 If our hypothesis holds true, we would expect that the 

 end cloths would involve fewer auditory signals in the 

 process of pointing out, and those within the row a 

 greater number of such signs. By way of illustration, I 

 will cite one series of tests in which Mr. von Osten was 

 questioner, chosen not because it is most conformable to ■ 

 my hypothesis but because it is the longest (48 consecutive 

 tests with five cloths) which I have. In the upper row I 

 am placing the successful responses without auditory 

 signs, in the lower those involving both auditory and 

 visual signs. 



Place of the cloth : I H HI IV V 



No. of sucessful ) visual signs only ; J 2 i 24 



responses. ) visual and auditory signs : S S ^ S S 



