THE AUTHOR'S INTROSPECTIONS 91 



response. If, however, I simply counted the taps without 

 knowing when the desired number was reached, the re- 

 sponses were always incorrect, e. g., I counted 



For No. 10: 10, 10, 10 continuously, Hans tapped 13, 

 " " 10: I, 2, 3 to 10 " " 10, 



" " 12: 12, 12, 12 continuously " " 15, 



" " 12: I, 2, 3 to 12 " " 12. 



In the case of smaller numbers, on the other hand, one 

 often obtained correct results without counting. In this 

 I am borne out by Mr. Schillings. It was merely neces- 

 sary to image vividly the number 3, or 4, or even the 

 name of a week-day or of a month without the number 

 which would indicate it. In the last of these cases the 

 number corresponding to the day or the month (e. g. 3 for 

 Tuesday, 5 for May, etc.), though not consciously pre- 

 sented, still evidently lay at hand in the subconscious. 

 To use a popular expression, I usually had a " feeling " 

 when Hans had arrived at the right number. 



It was furthermore found that it was not only neces- 

 sary to count to, or to think of, the number desired, but 

 that this must take place with a high degree of tension of 

 expectancy — that is, a strong affective element must 

 enter in. The state required for a successful response 

 was not the mere passive expectation that the horse would 

 tap the number demanded of him nor the wish that he 

 might tap it, but rather the determination that he should 

 do it. An inward " Thou shalt ", as it were, was spoken 

 to the horse. This affective state was registered in con- 

 sciousness in terms of sensation of tension in the muscu- 

 lature of the head and neck, by intraorganic sensations, 

 and finally by a steadily rising feeling of unpleasantness. 

 When the final number was reached, the tension would 



