CHAPTER IV 

 LABORATORY TESTS 



The tests which are to be briefly reported here, were 

 begun in November, 1904, and were carried out at the 

 Psychological Institute of the University of Berlin. 

 The purpose was twofold : first, to discover whether the 

 expressive movements noted in Mr. von Osten, Mr. Schil- 

 lings, and others, were to be regarded as typical and to 

 be found in the majority of individuals, — ^and secondly, 

 to ascertain in how far the psychical processes which I 

 had noted in my own case and which I believed to lie at 

 bottom of these movements, were paralleled in, and con- 

 firmed by, the introspections of others. The effort was 

 made to make the experimental conditions as nearly as 

 possible like those under which the horse had worked. 

 The affective atmosphere which colored the situations in 

 which the horse took part, could not, of course, be trans- 

 ferred, but this was in some respects an advantage. One 

 person undertook the role of questioner, another — myself 

 — that of the horse. The experiments fall into three 

 groups, corresponding to the types of the horse's reac- 

 tions: I, tests in counting and computation; 2, tests in 

 space reactions ; 3, tests in fetching or designating ob- 

 jects. 



In the experiments in counting and computation, the 

 questioner, standing at my right, thought with a high 

 degree of concentration of some number (usually be- 

 tween I and 10, but sometimes also as high as 100), or 



