LABORATORY TESTS 109 



— without our being aware of the fact — by others, viz. : 

 those which the horse required as directives for his reac- 

 tions. Since this was the case, we tried to discover if a 

 similar displacement could be brought about experimen- 

 tally. The attempt was successful and we discovered that 

 under suitable conditions we could cause the subject — 

 quite without knowledge on his part, — to establish an 

 " association " between any given concept and any given 

 expressive movement. The following experimental series 

 will serve to illustrate this fact. 



I had one of the subjects (von A.) think of "left" 

 and " right " in any order he chose. (The command was 

 purposely given only in a general way : " Think of ' right ' 

 or ' left ' ".). We had agreed that I was to try to guess 

 the mental content of the subject's mind, but I was not 

 to utter a word. Instead, I was to indicate " right " in 

 every case by an arm movement downward, and " left " 

 by a movement upward. To the subject I gave a fictitious 

 but plausible reason for all this. The behavior of the sub- 

 ject took the following course : In the first three tests he 

 moved his eyes to the right when he thought of " right ", 

 and to the left when he thought of " left ". This was the 

 normal expressive movement. In the fourth test, how- 

 ever, the thought " left " was accompanied by an upward 

 movement of the eyes. Two further tests again showed 

 eye-movements to the right and left. In the seventh test 

 with the idea " left " the eyes moved first to the left and 

 then immediately upward. In the following ten tests the 

 eyes were turned regularly upward at the thought of 

 " left ", and downward at the thought of " right ", with 

 only one exception which was a normal movement to the 

 left. The normal expressive movements, therefore, were 

 displaced by the artificial, after the seventh test. 



