no THE HORSE OF MR. VON OSTEN 



In the case of another subject (B.) in whom normally 

 the thought of " up " was accompanied by a slight rais- 

 ing of the head, and " down '' by a downward movement, 

 these natural forms of expression disappeared entirely as 

 a result of my arm movements to the right to indicate 

 that I inferred his having in mind the thought of " up ", 

 and to the left when I inferred that he was thinking of 

 " down ". Instead, there appeared not merely the de- 

 sired movements to the right and left, but rather move- 

 ments upward to the right and downward to the left. 

 That is, instead of a complete displacement of the old by 

 the new, there occurred a combination of the two. 



A third type of result appeared in still another sub- 

 ject (Ch.), who normally expressed the concepts " right " 

 and " left " by eye or head movements (never both kinds 

 at the same time) to the right and left. Here my arm 

 movements up and down caused the eye and head move- 

 ments to be made simultaneously, so that the thought of 

 " right " found expression in an upward movement of 

 the head and an eye movement to the right, and the idea 

 of " left " in a downward head movement and a move- 

 ment of the eye to the left. The subject had no knowl- 

 edge of this process, and it took six tests to bring about 

 the new reaction. From that point onward the new move- 

 ments were so well established that, depending upon 

 them for my cue, I was able to make 32 correct infer- 

 ences in a total of 40 tests. During the latter part of this 

 series I blindfolded the subject, so that I could not see 

 the movements of his eyes, and therefore had to base my 

 inference entirely upon his head movements. — After re- 

 moving the bandage, at the end of the series, I told the 

 subject that I would go through another series, in which 

 I intended to indicate his thought of " right " by an arm 



