112 THE HORSE OF MR. VON OSTEN 



The new association, thus re-established, remained con- 

 stant during the ten tests of the remainder of the series, 

 but has very probably again disappeared long ere this. 

 In the case of this subject it appears therefore that the 

 new associations were superimposed upon, but in no 

 sense displaced, the normal expressive movements. Nor 

 did the two coalesce (except in a few exceptional cases), 

 but tended as a rule to occur independently of one an- 

 other. 



I would emphasize once more that none of the subjects 

 had any knowledge of the purpose or meaning of the ex- 

 periments. Also, I was convinced by questioning the 

 subjects afterwards that none of them — and this is the es- 

 sential point — had merely conceived of the arm movement 

 which they were expecting me to make, instead of con- 

 centrating thought upon the idea of " right " or " left ". 

 On the contrary, all of them considered my particular 

 movements mere vagaries and without purpose, and they 

 felt perfectly certain that they were in no wise influenced 

 by these movements. Also, none of the subjects was con- 

 scious of any movements on their part, except one, who 

 was at times aware of her eye movements to the right, 

 but never of those to the left, (see page in), nor of the 

 head movements which for us constituted the phenomena 

 of prime interest. When I asked my subjects what they 

 believed to be the cue upon which I based my inferences, 

 they invariably responded with probable explanations 

 which were always wide of the mark, and those to whom 

 I disclosed the cue — (after the experiments were com- 

 pleted), were thoroughly astonished. 



In the tests just described we had to do only with such 

 ideas or concepts as normally were associated with some 

 stereotyped form of expressive movement (see page io6). 



