114 THE HORSE OF MR. VON OSTEN 



came to light later, but it would involve too much ex- 

 position to discuss it at this point. In the case< of the 

 other two persons, the tests were successful beyond ex- 

 pectation. I had made my various arm movements only 

 a few times when they presently began to raise their 

 heads slightly when thinking of " Irbis ", and to move it 

 to the right at the thought of " Kiirbis ", etc. In the two 

 series of 35 tests I did not have a single error. In a num- 

 ber of instances I succeeded in guessing the word upon 

 which the subject had decided, even before the test 

 proper was entered upon — i. e., before the signal for con- 

 centration had been given. Nothing surprised a subject 

 more than the remark : " You are intending to think of 

 the word ' Kiirbis ' ", or " You had thought of concentra- 

 ting your mind upon ' Ibis ' but later decided in favor 

 of ' Kiebitz ' ", yet nothing could be more simple. Be- 

 fore every test the subject would consider what word he 

 would fix upon, and while he was saying to himself " I 

 will choose ' Ibis ' ", the proper movement would accom- 

 pany his decision, although it was only very slight, be- 

 cause attention had not yet attained the degree of con- 

 centration which was employed in the test proper. 



In these experiments also, the subjects, whom I know 

 to be absolutely trustworthy, declared that they never 

 thought of the arm movements which I was to make. 

 They regarded them as being quite irrelevant. Also — 

 with but one exception — they thought of the objects, in 

 so far as they imaged them visually, as being directly 

 before them, and not off in the direction indicated by my 

 arm movements. Thus they did not image the plover 

 (" Kiebitz ") as being on the wing, when I raised my 

 arm, or as resting on the ground, when I pointed down- 

 ward, etc. One of the subjects had done this occa- 



