LABORATORY TESTS 115 



sionally, but by no means regularly. He was therefore 

 asked to localize all objects in the same place, i. e., directly 

 in front of him at the level of the eye. He complied with 

 this request, but no change, whatever, was observed to 

 occur in his expressive movements. 



In order to overcome the difficulty just mentioned, I 

 selected another subject (Miss von L.), whose power 

 of visualizing was very slight, and requested her to fix 

 her mind upon four words which I had selected because 

 they were not, necessarily, associated with a particular 

 image. The order in which the words were to be thought 

 of, was entirely optional on her part. The words were 

 "Form", Inhalt", "Mass", and " Zahl", (form, con- 

 tent, measure, and number), and each of them I ac- 

 companied, with a certain definite arm movement. The 

 subject always pronounced the word inwardly as em- 

 phatically as possible, but without ever imaging the cor- 

 responding arm movement. Often, it must be noted, 

 she did not know whether or not the movement which 

 I made was the proper one. And yet she, too, soon fell 

 into line in the matter of executing unconsciously the 

 characteristic head movements. In a total of 50 tests, I 

 was able to make 10 correct guesses in the course of the 

 first 20 tests, 8 in the next 10 tests, and 19 in the last 20 

 tests. Miss von L. noted only a few of her upward head- 

 movements, viz. : those that were especially pronounced 

 (movements through about 2 millimeters), but of the 

 others she knew nothing. The same experiment was re- 

 peated with a psychologist, well-trained in introspection, 

 as a subject. Success was even greater here. But no 

 matter how closely the subject observed himself, he was 

 unable to solve the puzzle. 



Variations which were introduced in these tests, I 



