ii6 THE HORSE OF MR. VON OSTEN 



will only mention in passing. Thus, instead of making 

 an arm movement, I, in some cases, would tap with my 

 foot, for " Ibis " once, for " Kiebitz " twice. The sub- 

 ject could not see my feet. The involuntary movement- 

 expression which became associated with " Ibis " was one 

 nod of the head, with " Kiebitz " two nods, etc. Here 

 our only concrn was to show that unconscious change 

 in natural expressive movements and the acquisition of 

 artificial ones are possible in the case of psychically 

 normal subjects trained m introspection. 



I was not satisfied with convincing myself subjectively 

 of the facts indicated, but sought to fix them objectively, 

 by means of a graphic method. For this purpose I used 

 the device mentioned by Prof. R. Sommer for the analysis 

 of expressive movements.^* The purpose for which 

 Prof. Sommer's apparatus had been constructed, was to 

 record the involuntary tremor and movement of the 

 hand. These movements, of course, take place in the 

 three dimensions of space. By means of three levers it 

 is possible to record the movements upon the flat surface 

 of a smoked paper fastened to the revolving drum of the 

 kymograph, the movements in each direction being re- 

 corded by a separate lever, in such a way that the three 

 curves thus made represent the analysis of a single move- 

 ment into its three dimensional components. By making 

 slight changes, which tended to complicate the experi- 

 ment somewhat, I adapted the apparatus to the measure- 

 ment of movements of the head. The method of experi- 

 mentation was the following. The subject whose move- 

 ments were to be registered, was placed in the device 

 in such a way that his trunk and head were bent slightly 

 forward, the latter a little more than the former. This, 

 it will be remembered, was the usual position of the 



