136 THE HORSE OF MR. VON OSTEN 



to it. When I tried to do the latter, the results were not 

 always satisfactory, because the head and eyes of the 

 person would frequently, in the process of adjustment, 

 move beyond the goal and thus lead me into error. An 

 attempt was made to make each judgment as independent 

 as possible of the preceding one. But usually, ,^fter a 

 few tests, an unintentional association became established 

 between certain attitudes and the different places in the 

 series of papers. Often all that was necessary was to 

 observe the experimenter in order to know which of the 

 places he had in mind, it was not necessary to look at 

 the papers at all. Every change in the position of the 

 person would, of course, make the association thus' es- 

 tablished, useless. 



Later, the subjects and I changed roles, I took the 

 part of the experimenter and they the part of the 

 " horse ". The number of tests in each case was 200 

 as before. Here, too, errors were, with but one excep- 

 tion, never more than of one place to either side. 

 Whether the error was one place to the right or one place 

 to the left appeared to depend upon the position of the 

 person making the judgment, i. e., it depended on whether 

 he stood at my right or at my left. The following results 

 were obtained: 



Subject ("horse"): v. A. B. C. Mrs. v. H. K. Miss v. L. 

 Correct inferences : 76^ 79^ 75^ 8i^ 77^ 74^ 



A certain agreement can be seen in these results. The 

 average of correct inferences is somewhat lower than 

 that which was obtained by me (page 135), Tjjo as over 

 against 82%. This is probably due to the fact that the 

 subjects had had so little practice compared with me. 

 ' With one of these subjects, Mr. Koffka, a student of 



