EXPLANATION OF OBSERVATIONS 199 



two thoughts were accompanied by the corresponding 

 head movements, to which Hans responded mechanically. 

 Hans appeared to be well-disposed toward me, but evi- 

 dently because I always rewarded him liberally when he 

 answered correctly, and I did not scold him when his 

 responses were wrong, as did Mr. von Osten and Mr. 

 Schillings, who instead of seeking the cause within them- 

 selves, were always ready to rebuke Hans for his con- 

 trariety and fickleness. The horse did not show, in so 

 far as can be judged^t all, any real affection for his 

 master. On the other hand it would be Imwaf ranted to 

 say that, in spite of all rewards, he developed a grudge 

 against all those who bothered him with instruction and 

 examination. Shortly after the close of our experimenta- 



play the tunes familiar to the Sybarite horses. Immediately the well- 

 trained steeds began to dance, thus throwing the whole Sybarite army 

 into confusion, and the men of Crotona won the day. (The same story 

 is told in more detail concerning the horses of the inhabitants of Cardia. 

 Both accounts, somewhat mixed, are to be found in Julius Africanus," 

 a writer of the third century of the Christian era.) — In recent years a 

 French veterinary surgeon, Guenon,'" experimented on the effect of 

 music upon the horses of the military. He entered their stalls, playing 

 upon a flute, and noted their behavior. Four-fifths of the animals, he 

 says, were deeply moved, yes, delighted, even, ("charmes." One inter- 

 preter °l calls it a case of hypnosis !). This emotional excitement was 

 expressed — somewhat unaesthetically — by the dropping of excrementa. 

 Guenon characterizes the feeling-state of these animals as being a mix- 

 ture of pleasure and astonishment, of satisfaction and excitement 

 (" melange de plaisir et d'etonnement, de satisfaction et de trouble.") 

 He also asserts that the horse's musical taste is similar to our own. But 

 I can find nothing in his whole exposition which might prove this. In- 

 deed there is nothing that could be interpreted as anything other than 

 a purely sensuous effect upon the horses. I may go a step farther and 

 say that thus far the sense of music, i. e., understanding of melody, 

 harmony and rhythm, has not been shown to exist in any animal. Some 

 animals may, however, be susceptible to the sensuous pleasantness of 

 the tones themselves. 



