REACTION OF THE HORSE 233 



signs to which the animals reacted. Thus for the begin- 

 ning or stopping of the animal's scraping or tapping, the 

 signals were respectively raising and lowering of the eyes 

 on the part of the trainer,"^ lowering and raising of the 

 whip"* or of the arm, stepping forward and back- 

 ward,"° and as a closing signal a slight bending for- 

 ward."" The signals for beginning and ceasing to bark 

 in the case of dogs, were the trainer's commands to 

 " speak ", and, at the same time, his looking at the dog, 

 and then looking away for a closing sign ; ^" or a mouth- 

 movement on the part of the trainer and then a withdraw- 

 ing of the left hand which had been resting on the hip."' 

 Among the signals for nodding and shaking the head we 

 find the following mentioned: raising and lowering the 

 hand or arm "° or the whip ; "° a movement of the hand 

 toward the horse's nose, as a signal for nodding, and an 

 arm-movement as a signal for shaking the head.^^^ For 

 this last, we find recommended also a slight breathing 

 upon the animal,'^^ and — in the case of dogs — a mouth- 

 movement simulating blowing, or a turn of the fingers.^^^ 

 (We will not dwell upon the many signals for selecting 

 objects, which are mentioned, since we have already dis- 

 cussed this point on page 23of). In all these instances it 

 is plain that we have to do with purely voluntary and 



which Leonard, the owner of the dogs, has published, and in which he 

 describes minutely the method by which they had been trained in their 

 various accomplishments, he does not mention with so much as a syl- 

 lable the game of dominoes, a thing which he certainly would have 

 dwelt upon, if he had believed in the animals' power of independent 

 thought. He would not have remained silent concerning this greatest 

 — though only apparent — achievement of his educational endeavors. 

 But his whole book is evidence that he was too wise to have thus de- 

 ceived himself, and our only alternative is to believe that he was play- 

 ing a joke on his credulous admirers. 



