vi CONTENTS 



CHAPTER LII.— MUSCULAR LOCOMOTION— FLYING MAMMALS 

 (Mammalia), BIRDS (Aves), AND REPTILES (Reptilia) 



Page 



The Flight of Bats (Chiroptera) — Structure of Flying-Organs and Mode of 



Flight. Evolution of the Habit. Wide Distribution ----- 292 



The Flight of Birds (Aves) — Structure of Birds in Relation to Flight : Com- 

 parison with Bats. Evolution of the Habit, Archaopteryx. Feathers. 

 Skeleton. Muscles of Flight 295 



Active Flight : The Flying Mechanism in Action. Steering and Stopping. 

 Speed and Endurance — Pigeons {Columba livid), Swallows {Hirundo), Swifts 

 (Cypselus), American Golden Plover {Charadrius Virginicus) - - - - 302 



Passive Flight: Gliding, how effected — Gulls, Pigeons, Falcons. Soaring 

 of Birds of Prey, Crows, Pelicans, and Storks. Theories of Soaring - - 305 



The Flight of Reptiles (Reptilia) — Extinct Flying Reptiles {Pterosaurid) - 308 



The Flight of Insects (Insecta) — Structure in Relation to Flight. The 

 Flying Mechanism in Action. Modification of the Wings in different Insects — 

 Dragon-Flies, Bees, Moths, Flies, Beetles, Stylops, Fleas, Lice. Evolution 

 of the Wings ------------- 309 



ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT 



CHAPTER LIIL— ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT— GENERAL 

 PRINCIPLES— VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 



General Principles — New Individuals Produced by Overgrowth. Gradual 



Development to Adult Stage by Processes of Growth ----- 316 



Vegetative Propagation — Nature of Cells. Contrast between Animalcules or 



One-celled Animals (Protozoa) and Many-celled Animals (Metazoa) - - - 317 



Vegetative Propagation in Animalcules (Protozoa)— Splitting (Fission) — 

 Proteus Animalcule {Amcebd), Trumpet-Animalcule {Stentor), Bell- Animalcule 

 {Vorticelld). Budding (Gemmation) — External Buds of Suctoria, Ephelota 

 gemrnipara ; Internal Buds of Suctoria, Tokophrya qiiadripartata. Spore- 

 Formation — Multiple Fission, Spores, Cysts ; Spore-Animalcules (Sporozoa) ; 

 Fungus-Animalcules (Mycetozoa) ; Life-History of Colpoda cucuUns. Conjuga- 

 tion of Animalcules — Slipper-Animalcule {Paramcecium), Bell-Animalcule 

 {Vorticelld) 318 



Vegetative Propagation and Regeneration in Sponges (Porifera) — 

 Production of Colonies. External Buds of PolylopJms, &c. Internal Buds of 

 Freshwater Sponge {Spongilld). Artificial Cuttings of Bath Sponge {Evspongid) 325 



Vegetative Propagation and Regeneration in Zoophytes (Ccelenterata) 

 — Budding of Freshwater Polype {Hydrd). Colonial Hydrozoa. Budding, 

 Fission, and Laceration of Sea-Anemones. Simple and Colonial Corals. Re- 

 generative Powers of Freshwater Polype {Hydrd), &c. ----- 327 



Vegetative Propagation and Regeneration in Hedgehog-skinned 

 Animals (Echinodermata) — Regenerative Powers. "Comet" Star-Fishes. 

 Fission in certain Star-Fishes {Linckiida) 328 



