312 ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY. 



ment or private forest manager may be employed 

 to look after the technica.1 management. 



Where direct management by the state exists, 

 the state performs the management by its own 

 agents with only advisory power ol the communal 

 authorities, — a system under which 45 per cent of 

 the communal forests are managed (also in Austria 

 and France). 



In Prussia this system exists in a few localities 

 only, but since 1876 it is there provided as penalty 

 for improper management or attempts to avoid 

 the state control. 



This system curtails, to be sure, communal 

 liberty and possibly financial results to some ex- 

 tent, but it has proved itself the most satisfactory 

 from the standpoint of conservative forest manage- 

 ment and in the interest of present and future 

 welfare of the communities. Its extension is 

 planned both in Prussia and Bavaria. 



Sometimes the state contributes toward the cost 

 of the management, on the ground that it is carried 

 on in the interests of the whole commonwealth. 

 A voluntary cooperation of the communities with 

 the state, in regard to forest protection by the 

 state forest guards, is in vogue in Wiirtemberg, 

 as also in France. Institute forests are usually 

 under similar control as the communities. 



The amount of state influence, and especially 

 the control of private forests, is extremely vary- 

 ing from state to state, even for the same state 



