MAGNOLIACEiE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 15 



in Actsea. Pistils 1-8, fomiing diy cleliiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with 

 2 - 3-temately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- 

 gated wand-like racemes- (Name from cimex, a bug, and figo, to drive away; 

 the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.) 



\ 1. MACK6tYS, Raf. — Pistil 1, sometimes 2-3 : seeds smooth, flattened and 

 packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actaea : stigma broad and flat. 



1. C. raccmoSHt Ell. (Black Snakeroot.) Eaceraes very long; 

 pods ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south- 

 ward. July. — Plant 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes 

 in fruit becoming 1° -2° long. 



§2. CIMICirUGA, li. — Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with 

 chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl-shaped: 

 stigma minute. 



2. C. Americana, Michx. (Ameeican Bdgbane.) Racemes slen- 

 der, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- 

 seeded. — Mountains of S.Pennsylvania and southward throughout .the AUe- 

 ghanies. Aug. — Plant 2° - 4° high, more slender than No. 1 . 



Ad6nis autumnXlis, L., the Pheasant's Eye of Europe, has been found 

 growing spontaneously m Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es- 

 caped from gardens. 



NiG^LLA DAMASoi:NA, L., the Fennel-flower, which offers a remark- 

 able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as 

 to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. 



PiEbNiA, the P;nONY, of which P. officinalis is familiar in gardens, forms 

 a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy 

 disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. 



Okdek 2. MAGNOLIACEJE. (Magnolia Family.) 



Trees or shrubs, with the leafiuds sheathed by membranous stipules, poly- 

 petalous, hypogynoxi.1, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored 

 alike, in three or more roios of three, and imbricated in the bud. — Sepals 

 and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep- 

 tacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering 

 the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a 

 sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anati-opous : albu- 

 men fleshy : embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with 

 minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark 

 aromatic and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and 

 Liriodendron. 



1. MAONOIilA, L. Magnolia. 



Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short filaments, and long anthers 

 opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in » 

 mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit ; each car 



