214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 



4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants,' coriaceous or fleshy, with 

 opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow 

 flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 



1. B. frutescens, DC. "Whitened with a minute silky pubescence 

 f6'-12' high) ; leaves epatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the 

 base ; chaff rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward. 



35. HEL,i6pSIS, Pers. Ox-etb. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the 

 involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner 

 shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- 

 angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. 

 Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches Leaves opposite, 

 petiolod, triple-ribed, serrate. Plowers yellow. (^Name composed of ifKios, 

 the sun, and oyjris, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.) 



1. H. libviS, Pers. Nearly smooth (l°-4°high); leaves ovate-lanceo- 

 lat« or oblong-ovate. — Var. scIbra has roughish foliage, and the involucre 

 somewhat hoary. — Banks and copses ; common. Aug. 



36. ECHUVACEA, Mcench. Pukplb Cone-elowek. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but 

 sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle 

 conical ; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the 

 disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border. 

 — Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter- 

 minated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-nerved. Rays 

 rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E)('ivos, the 

 Hedgehog, or Sea<irchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 



1. E. purpurea, Mcench. Leaves rough, often serrate ; the lowest 

 ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri- 

 cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serotina, DC.) rough- 

 bristly, as well as the leaves. — ^ Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio 

 southward and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 

 1' - 2' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med- 

 icine under the name of Black Sampson. 



2. E. ang^ustifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, 

 bristly-liairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri- 

 cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long) , rose-color or red. — Plains, from Illinois and Wis- 

 consin southwestward. June - Aug. 



37. RVBBECKIA, L. Cone-flowee. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre 

 loaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short 

 chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat at the 



