ANCIENT FORESTS OF EUROPE. 27 



yews, service-trees, and maples, are actually, in Sierra- 

 Tejada, the only vestiges of the forests which crowned 

 these mountains. The Sierra de las Almijarras presents 

 still a few woody crests. Here and there clumps of oaks 

 and firs shade the Sierra de Toloza, In the Sierra 

 Nevada the pine constitutes wood of from 20 to 30 feet ; 

 whilst two different species of pines give rise to some 

 forqsts in Granada. The Balearic Isles are entirely 

 strapped of their trees ; and one would seek in vain in 

 the Pityusae (Ivi9a and Tormentera) for the pines to 

 which they are indebted for their names.' 



The description of the other forests of Europe con- 

 stitutes the special subject of M. Marny's work ; but it Is 

 given at too great length for quotation ; enough has been 

 quoted to indicate that formerly Europe must have been 

 covered with forests. 



Moreover, according to Marsh, in Southern Europe, 

 Breul, Broglio, Brolio, Brolo ; and, in Northern Europe, 

 Breuil, and the endings -dean, -den, -don, -ham, -holt, 

 -herst, -hurst, -lund, -schaw, -shot, -skog, -skov, -wald, 

 -weald, -wold, -wood, are all etymologically indicative 

 of the places so named having been situated in woods 

 or groves, though it may be no woods or groves are exist- 

 ing there now, and these are numerous. 



In England we have not a few of such names ; and we 

 have the names of numerous forests which have partially 

 or entirely disappeared, details of which I have given in 

 The Forests of England, and the Management of them in 

 Bye-gone Times [pp. 136-139 ; 140-167]. 



On the maps of Scotland, according to Chalmers, the 

 learned author of Caledonia, there are a thousand names 

 of places derived from forests which no longer exist, and 

 there also we have remains of forests which once covered 

 extensively the land — Ettrick Forest, and the Caledonian 



