a. volume 1 have published entitled Pine Plantations on the 

 Sand Wastes of France. A similar enterprise has been 

 carried out with success tn arrest drift-sands on the Ban- 

 nat in Himgary ; and by similar means have been utilised 

 extensive sand plains in Northern Germany, details of 

 which have been given above [ante p. 120-131.] 



It has been used on the Karst, in Austria, to counteract 

 aridity produced by the destruction of forests, and with a 

 like view it has been extensively introduced into Algeria. 

 On the steppes of Southern Russia it has been begun. And 

 in Spain, along with extensive irrigation works, including 

 canals, reservoirs, and artesian wells, there has been com- 

 bined with the conservation of existing forests the restora- 

 tion of blank spaces within their limits, and the extension 

 of forest areas by plantations beyond their boundaries. 



In Italy it has been introduced with remarkable success 

 to counteract deadly malaria ; and in more places than I 

 can name plantations have been created as a means of 

 securing supplies of wood and timber. 



In the education, instruction, and training given to 

 aspirants for employment in the State forests of different 

 countries, special attention is given to this subject. 



In the immediately preceding chapter some information 

 [ante p. 120-131] is given in regard to the culture of the 

 beech. 



Like information in regard to the culture of the Mari- 

 time pine and Scotch fir is given in the volume entitled 

 Pine Plantations in France (pp. 36-50, 143-157, 100-142.) 



It may be well to give an illustration of the instruction 

 given in regard to the botanical characteristics, the natural 

 history, and the appropriate culture of different kinds of 

 trees, in accordance with the advanced forest economy of the 

 the day. The following in regard to the black or Austrian 

 pine has been compiled from different sections of the Cours 

 elimentaire de Culture des Bois crie a V Ecole Foreestier de 

 Nancy. 



The Austrian black pine, Le Pin Noir of France, the 

 Ptnus nigra of Linnaeus, the Pinus Austriaca of Boss, 



