Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 211 



Treatment. Wash with milk-warm water containing 

 laudanum, and return, pressing the centre of the mass in- 

 ward so as to correct the eversion. The main difficulty 

 will be met in returning it through the contracted neck of 

 the bladder, and if the eversion has lasted long ent ugh to 

 determine inflammation and softening great care will lie 

 requisite to avoid tearing the coats. Should straining be 

 so violent as to threaten renewal of the eversion a trusf 

 may be appHed as advised for eversion of the womb. 



UEINAEY CAXCTXLI AUD GEAVEL. BTONE. 



These vary in chemical composition with the genus of 

 animal and especially with the nature of the food. In 

 herbivora the urine normally contains a large amount of 

 the carbonates of Ume and magnesia and of oxalate of hme, 

 a small quantity of silica, sulphate and phosphate of lime, 

 ammonio-magnesian phosphate, hippuric acid and some- 

 times uric acid, besides the more soluble alkaline salts. 

 Carnivora, on the other hand, have an excess of phosphate 

 of Ume and magnesia, of sulphates and chlorides, more 

 uric acid than the vegetable feeders but a minimum amount 

 of carbonate and oxalate of hme and silica. The omnivora 

 occupy an intermediate position, the salts of the urine va- 

 rying with the frequent changes in the food. 



The nature of the food determines the excess of particular 

 salts in the urine and their precipitation in the form of 

 crystals. 



These carbonates of lime and magnesia which make up 

 tlie bulk of most urinary calcuH in horses and ruminants 

 are due to the large amount of vegetable acids (citrates, 

 tartrates, malates, acetates, etc.,) in plants. These becom- 

 ing further oxidized are transformed into carbonic acid 

 which unites with the magnesia or hme present in the 

 blood. 



Oxalate of Ume is due to imperfect oxidation of the veg- 

 etable acids, oxahc acid containing an equivalent less of 

 oxygen than carbonic acid. It appears in excess in cer- 



